Borrow

Millions of American households, especially those in the bottom half of the income distribution, use nonbank credit products, such as payday loans, car title loans, and refund anticipation loans, to meet short-term needs. This credit, while small in initial denomination, can add up to significant debt burdens for those who can least afford it. This document briefly summarizes the convening of a meeting held by the U.S. Department of the Treasury with 50 foundation representatives and researchers from academia, government, the nonprofit sector, and industry, held on Thursday, March 4, 2010.

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this paper examines how households’ home equity extraction during the previous decade affected their spending and saving behavior. The study makes use of recently released 2009 housing and wealth data as well as the extensive data on household expenditures and balance sheets that are available starting in 1999. The results show that during the height of the house-price boom (the 2003–2005 period) a one-dollar increase in equity extraction led to 14 cents higher household expenditures.

Abstract: The downturn in economic activity in the U.S. that began in December 2007 (as determined by researchers with the National Bureau of Economic Research) has been noticeably deeper and has already lasted considerably longer than the prior two recessions--those beginning in July 1990 and in March 2001.

Since its enactment in 1975, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) requires most mortgage lenders located in metropolitan areas to collect data about their housing-related lending activity, report the data annually to the government, and make the data publicly available. The information is collected annually from mortgage lenders by the Federal Financial Institution Examination Council (FFIEC). In 2011, over 16.3 million loan records for calendar year 2010 were reported by 7,923 institutions, including all of the nation’s large mortgage lenders.

This descriptive analysis examines the importance of personal financing sources, especially mortgages secured by residential property, to small businesses from 1998 through 2007. About 80 percent of the total debt owned by small business-owning house-holds is held in mortgages and installment loans. The likelihood of holding a residential mortgage increased from 64.7 percent in 1998 to over 73 percent in 2007, and the share of total debt held in residential mortgages increased from 67.3 percent in 1998 to 70.6 percent in 2007 for small business-owning households.

This literature review provides an overview of research on the following small-dollar credit products: auto title loans, pawnshops, payday lending, refund anticipation loans (RALs) and checks (RACs), and rent-to-own (RTO). This review includes recently published research. It is not intended as an exhaustive treatment of these topics, but is designed to highlight key findings relevant for additional research.

This report addresses two sets of research questions related to Refund anticipation loans (RALs) and refund atnticipation checks (RACs) First, the authors ask who obtains them and who does not and what demographic, economic, and geographic factors are associated with the use of these products. The authors provide descriptive breakdowns of many individual and geographical characteristics that are linked with use of RALs/RACs, and then conduct quantitative analysis of IRS-provided data on millions of tax filers who received a refund in tax year 2008.

This paper describes an equilibrium life-cycle model of housing where nonconvex adjustment costs lead households to adjust their housing choice infrequently and by large amounts when they do so. In the cross-sectional dimension, the model matches the wealth distribution; the age profiles of consumption, homeownership, and mortgage debt; and data on the frequency of housing adjustment. In the time-series dimension, the model accounts for the procyclicality and volatility of housing investment, and for the procyclical behavior of household debt.

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this paper considers the mechanism by which changing house values impact U.S. household spending. The results suggest that house values affect consumption by serving as collateral for households to borrow against to smooth their spending. The results show that the consumption of households who need to borrow against their home equity increases by roughly 11 cents per $1.00 increase in their housing wealth.

The case is often made that financial education leads to improved financial decisions. In this paper, we begin by assessing the need for financial education by reviewing national trends in savings, debt, and retirement funding as well as by reviewing the literature linking personal financial behavior and participation in financial education programs. We then describe the conceptual underpinnings of a link between improved personal financial behavior and work outcomes.